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  • Settings
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  • Chapters
    • What is Sphere?
      • Contents
      • What is Sphere?
        • 1. The Handbook
          • Four foundation chapters and four technical chapters
          • The Minimum Standards promote a consistent approach
          • The structure of the standards
          • Working with the key indicators
          • Links with other standards
        • 2. Using the standards in context
        • The standards apply throughout the programme cycle
          • Assessment and analysis
          • Strategy development and programme design
          • Implementation
          • Monitoring, evaluation, accountability and learning
        • Understanding vulnerabilities and capacities
          • Data disaggregation
          • Children
          • Older people
          • Gender
          • Gender-based violence
          • Persons with disabilities
          • People living with and affected by HIV
          • LGBTQI people
          • Mental health and psychosocial support
        • Understanding the operational setting
          • Supporting national and local actors
          • Protracted crises
          • Urban settings
          • Communal settlements
          • Settings with domestic or international military forces
          • Environmental impact in humanitarian response
      • Appendix
        Delivering assistance through markets
        • Market analysis as part of response analysis
        • Programming and markets
        • Checklists
          • Checklist for cash-based assistance
            • Programme design
            • Implementation
            • Monitoring, evaluation and learning
          • Checklist for supply chain management and logistics
            • Programme design
            • Implementation
            • Monitoring, evaluation and learning
      • References and further reading
    • The Humanitarian Charter
      • The Humanitarian Charter
        • Our beliefs
        • Our role
        • Common principles, rights and duties
        • Our commitment
    • Protection Principles
      • Contents
      • Protection Principles
        • Putting the Principles into practice
          • Protection activities
        • Protection Principle 1:
          Enhance people’s safety, dignity and rights and avoid exposing them to further harm
          • This Principle includes:
          • Guidance notes
        • Protection Principle 2:
          Ensure people’s access to impartial assistance, according to need and without discrimination
          • This Principle includes:
          • Guidance notes
        • Protection Principle 3:
          Assist people to recover from the physical and psychological effects of threatened or actual violence, coercion or deliberate deprivation
          • This Principle includes:
          • Guidance notes
        • Protection Principle 4:
          Help people to claim their rights
          • This Principle includes:
          • Guidance notes
      • Appendix
        Summary of Professional Standards for Protection Work
      • References and further reading
      • Further reading
    • Core Humanitarian Standard
      • Contents
      • One core standard with nine commitments
        • A unique structure
        • Commitment 1
          • Performance indicators
          • Key actions
          • Organisational responsibilities
          • Guidance notes
        • Commitment 2
          • Performance indicators
          • Key actions
          • Organisational responsibilities
          • Guidance notes
        • Commitment 3
          • Performance indicators
          • Key actions
          • Organisational responsibilities
          • Guidance notes
        • Commitment 4
          • Performance indicators
          • Key actions
          • Organisational responsibilities
          • Guidance notes
        • Commitment 5
          • Performance indicators
          • Key actions
          • Organisational responsibilities
          • Guidance notes
        • Commitment 6
          • Performance indicators
          • Key actions
          • Organisational responsibilities
          • Guidance notes
        • Commitment 7
          • Performance indicators
          • Key actions
          • Organisational responsibilities
          • Guidance notes
        • Commitment 8
          • Performance indicators
          • Key actions
          • Organisational responsibilities
          • Guidance notes
        • Commitment 9
          • Performance indicators
          • Key actions
          • Organisational responsibilities
          • Guidance notes
      • Appendix
        Guiding questions for monitoring key actions and organisational responsibilities
        • Commitment 1   Communities and people affected by crisis receive assistance appropriate to their needs.
          • Guiding questions for monitoring key actions
          • Guiding questions for monitoring organisational responsibilities
        • Commitment 2   Communities and people affected by crisis have access to the humanitarian assistance they need at the right time.
          • Guiding questions for monitoring Key actions
          • Guiding questions for monitoring organisational responsibilities
        • Commitment 3   Communities and people affected by crisis are not negatively affected and are more prepared, resilient and less at-risk as a result of humanitarian action.
          • Guiding questions for monitoring key actions
          • Guiding questions for monitoring organisational responsibilities
        • Commitment 4   Communities and people affected by crisis know their rights and entitlements, have access to information and participate in decisions that affect them.
          • Guiding questions for monitoring key actions
          • Guiding questions for monitoring organisational responsibilities
        • Commitment 5   Communities and people affected by crisis have access to safe and responsive mechanisms to handle complaints.
          • Guiding questions for monitoring key actions
          • Guiding questions for monitoring organisational responsibilities
        • Commitment 6   Communities and people affected by crisis receive coordinated, complementary assistance.
          • Guiding questions for monitoring key actions
          • Guiding questions for monitoring organisational responsibilities
        • Commitment 7   Communities and people affected by crisis can expect delivery of improved assistance as organisations learn from experience and reflection.
          • Guiding questions for monitoring key actions
          • Guiding questions for monitoring organisational responsibilities
        • Commitment 8   Communities and people affected by crisis receive the assistance they require from competent and well-managed staff and volunteers.
          • Guiding questions for monitoring key actions
          • Guiding questions for monitoring organisational responsibilities
        • Commitment 9   Communities and people affected by crisis can expect that the organisations assisting them are managing resources effectively, efficiently and ethically.
          • Guiding questions for monitoring key actions
          • Guiding questions for monitoring organisational responsibilities
      • References and further reading
      • Further reading
    • Water Supply, Sanitation and Hygiene Promotion
      • Contents
      • Essential concepts in water supply, sanitation and hygiene promotion
        •                
          • Everyone has the right to water and sanitation
          • Community engagement is crucial
          • WASH requires particular considerations in urban areas
          • A combination of approaches is needed
          • These Minimum Standards should not be applied in isolation
          • International law specifically protects the right to water and sanitation
          • Links to the Protection Principles and the Core Humanitarian Standard
      • 1. Hygiene promotion
        • Hygiene promotion standard 1.1:
          Hygiene promotion
          • Key actions
          • Key indicators
          • Guidance notes
        • Hygiene promotion standard 1.2:
          Identification, access to and use of hygiene items
          • Key actions
          • Key indicators
          • Guidance notes
        • Hygiene promotion standard 1.3:
          Menstrual hygiene management and incontinence
          • Key actions
          • Key indicators
          • Guidance notes
      • 2. Water supply
        • Water supply standard 2.1:
          Access and water quantity
          • Key actions
          • Key indicators
          • Guidance notes
        • Water supply standard 2.2:
          Water quality
          • Key actions
          • Key indicators
          • Guidance notes
      • 3. Excreta management
        • Excreta management standard 3.1:
          Environment free from human excreta
          • Key actions
          • Key indicators
          • Guidance notes
        • Excreta management standard 3.2:
          Access to and use of toilets
          • Key actions
          • Key indicators
          • Guidance notes
        • Excreta management standard 3.3:
          Management and maintenance of excreta collection, transport, disposal and treatment
          • Key actions
          • Key indicator
          • Guidance notes
      • 4. Vector control
        • Vector control standard 4.1:
          Vector control at settlement level
          • Key actions
          • Key indicator
          • Guidance notes
        • Vector control standard 4.2:
          Household and personal actions to control vectors
          • Key actions
          • Key indicators
          • Guidance notes
      • 5. Solid waste management
        • Solid waste management standard 5.1:
          Environment free from solid waste
          • Key actions
          • Key indicator
          • Guidance notes
        • Solid waste management standard 5.2:
          Household and personal actions to safely manage solid waste
          • Key actions
          • Key indicators
          • Guidance note
        • Solid waste management standard 5.3:
          Solid waste management systems at community level
          • Key actions
          • Key indicators
          • Guidance notes
      • 6. WASH in disease outbreaks and healthcare settings
        •                
          • Community-based outbreak response
        • Standard 6:
          WASH in healthcare settings
          • Key actions
          • Key indicators
          • Guidance notes
      • Appendix 1
        Water supply, sanitation and hygiene promotion initial needs assessment checklist
      • Appendix 2
        The F diagram: faecal–oral transmission of diarrhoeal diseases
      • Appendix 3
        Minimum water quantities: survival figures and quantifying water needs
      • Appendix 4
        Minimum numbers of toilets: community, public places and institutions
      • Appendix 5
        Water- and sanitation-related diseases
        • 1. Environmental classification of water-related infections
        • 2. Environmental classification of excreta-related infections
      • Appendix 6
        Household water treatment and storage decision tree
      • References and further reading
      • Further reading
    • Food Security and Nutrition
      • Contents
      • Essential concepts in food security and nutrition
        •                
          • Everyone has the right to be free from hunger and to have adequate food
          • The causes of undernutrition are complex
          • Working in urban areas brings specific challenges
          • Some groups are particularly vulnerable to undernutrition
          • These Minimum Standards should not be applied in isolation
          • International law specifically protects the right to adequate food
          • Links to the Protection Principles and Core Humanitarian Standard
      • 1. Food security and nutrition assessments
        • Food security and nutrition assessments standard 1.1:
          Food security assessment
          • Key actions
          • Key indicators
          • Guidance notes
        • Food security and nutrition assessments standard 1.2:
          Nutrition assessment
          • Key actions
          • Key indicators
          • Guidance notes
      • 2. Management of malnutrition
        • Management of malnutrition standard 2.1:
          Moderate acute malnutrition
          • Key actions
          • Key indicators
          • Guidance notes
        • Management of malnutrition standard 2.2:
          Severe acute malnutrition
          • Key actions
          • Key indicators
          • Guidance notes
      • 3. Micronutrient deficiencies
        • Micronutrient deficiencies standard 3:
          Micronutrient deficiencies
          • Key actions
          • Key indicators
          • Guidance notes
      • 4. Infant and young child feeding
        • Infant and young child feeding standard 4.1:
          Policy guidance and coordination
          • Key actions
          • Key indicators
          • Guidance notes
        • Infant and young child feeding standard 4.2:
          Multi-sectoral support to infant and young child feeding in emergencies
          • Key actions
          • Key indicators
          • Guidance notes
      • 5. Food security
        • Food security standard 5:
          General food security
          • Key actions
          • Key indicators
          • Guidance notes
      • 6. Food assistance
        • Food assistance standard 6.1:
          General nutrition requirements
          • Key actions
          • Key indicators
          • Guidance notes
        • Food assistance standard 6.2:
          Food quality, appropriateness and acceptability
          • Key actions
          • Key indicators
          • Guidance notes
        • Food assistance standard 6.3:
          Targeting, distribution and delivery
          • Key actions
          • Key indicators
          • Guidance notes
        • Food assistance standard 6.4:
          Food use
          • Key actions
          • Key indicators
          • Guidance notes
      • 7. Livelihoods
        • Livelihoods standard 7.1:
          Primary production
          • Key actions
          • Key indicators
          • Guidance notes
        • Livelihoods standard 7.2:
          Income and employment
          • Key actions
          • Key indicators
          • Guidance notes
      • Appendix 1
        Food security and livelihoods assessment checklist
        • Food security of livelihood groups
        • Food security before the crisis (baseline)
        • Food security during crises
      • Appendix 2
        Seed security assessment checklist
        • Seed security before the crisis (baseline)
        • Seed security after a crisis
        • Assessing seed supply and demand: home stocks
        • Assessing seed supply and demand: local markets
        • Assessing seed supply and demand: formal sector
      • Appendix 3
        Nutrition assessment checklist
        • Pre-emergency situation
        • The current risk of undernutrition
      • Appendix 4
        Measuring acute malnutrition
        • Infants under six months
        • Children aged 6–59 months
        • Children aged 5–19 years
        • Adults (20–59 years)
        • Older people
        • Persons with disabilities
      • Appendix 5
        Measures of the public health significance of micronutrient deficiencies
      • Appendix 6
        Nutritional requirements
      • References and further reading
      • Further Reading
    • Shelter and Settlement
      • Contents
      • Essential concepts in shelter and settlement
        •                
          • Everyone has the right to adequate housing
          • Shelter and settlement responses aim to provide a safe living environment
          • Shelter and settlement responses in urban settings require specific expertise
          • Various post-crisis settlement scenarios need to be considered
          • These Minimum Standards should not be applied in isolation
          • International law specifically protects the right to adequate shelter
          • Links to the Protection Principles and Core Humanitarian Standard
      • 1. Planning
        • Shelter and settlement standard 1:
          Planning
          • Key actions
          • Key indicators
          • Guidance notes
      • 2. Location and settlement planning
        • Shelter and settlement standard 2:
          Location and settlement planning
          • Key actions
          • Key indicators
          • Guidance notes
      • 3. Living space
        • Shelter and settlement standard 3:
          Living space
          • Key actions
          • Key indicators
          • Guidance notes
      • 4. Household items
        • Shelter and settlement standard 4:
          Household items
          • Key actions
          • Key indicators
          • Guidance notes
      • 5. Technical assistance
        • Shelter and settlement standard 5:
          Technical assistance
          • Key actions
          • Key indicators
          • Guidance notes
      • 6. Security of tenure
        • Shelter and settlement standard 6:
          Security of tenure
          • Key actions
          • Key indicators
          • Guidance notes
      • 7. Environmental sustainability
        • Shelter and settlement standard 7:
          Environmental sustainability
          • Key actions
          • Key indicators
          • Guidance notes
      • Appendix 1
        Shelter and settlement assessment checklist
        • Assessment and coordination
        • Demographics
        • Risks
        • Resources and constraints
        • Materials, design and construction
        • Household and livelihood activities
        • Essential services and communal facilities
        • Host population and environmental impact
        • Household item needs
        • Clothing and bedding
        • Cooking and eating, stoves and fuel
        • Tools and equipment
      • Appendix 2
        Description of settlement scenarios
      • Appendix 3
        Additional characteristics of settlement scenarios
      • Appendix 4
        Assistance options
      • Appendix 5
        Implementation options
      • Appendix 6
        Potential assistance and implementation options connected to settlement scenarios
      • References and further reading
      • Further reading
    • Health
      • Contents
      • Essential concepts in health
        •                
          • Everyone has the right to timely and appropriate healthcare
          • The aim of healthcare in a crisis is to reduce excess morbidity and mortality
          • Support and develop existing health systems
          • Urban crises require a different approach to health responses
          • These Minimum Standards should not be applied in isolation
          • International law specifically protects the right to healthcare
          • Links to the Protection Principles and Core Humanitarian Standard
          • Special considerations to protect healthcare
      • 1. Health systems
        •                
          • Health systems standard 1.1:
            Health service delivery
            • Key actions
            • Key indicators
            • Guidance notes
          • Healthcare systems standard 1.2:
            Healthcare workforce
            • Key actions
            • Key indicators
            • Guidance notes
          • Health systems standard 1.3:
            Essential medicines and medical devices
            • Key actions
            • Key indicators
            • Guidance notes
          • Health systems standard 1.4:
            Health financing
            • Key actions
            • Key indicators
            • Guidance notes
          • Health systems standard 1.5:
            Health information
            • Key actions
            • Key indicators
            • Guidance notes
      • 2. Essential healthcare
        • 2.1 Communicable diseases
          • Communicable diseases standard 2.1.1:
            Prevention
            • Key actions
            • Key indicators
            • Guidance notes
          • Communicable diseases standard 2.1.2:
            Surveillance, outbreak detection and early response
            • Key actions
            • Key indicators
            • Guidance notes
          • Communicable diseases standard 2.1.3:
            Diagnosis and case management
            • Key actions
            • Key indicators
            • Guidance notes
          • Communicable diseases standard 2.1.4:
            Outbreak preparedness and response
            • Key actions
            • Key indicators
            • Guidance notes
        • 2.2 Essential healthcare – child health
          • Child health standard 2.2.1:
            Childhood vaccine-preventable diseases
            • Key actions
            • Key indicators
            • Guidance notes
          • Child health standard 2.2.2:
            Management of newborn and childhood illness
            • Key actions
            • Key indicators
            • Guidance notes
        • 2.3 Sexual and reproductive health
          • Sexual and reproductive health standard 2.3.1:
            Reproductive, maternal and newborn healthcare
            • Key actions
            • Key indicators
            • Guidance notes
          • Sexual and reproductive health standard 2.3.2:
            Sexual violence and clinical management of rape
            • Key actions
            • Key indicators
            • Guidance notes
          • Sexual and reproductive health standard 2.3.3:
            HIV
            • Key actions
            • Key indicators
            • Guidance notes
        • 2.4 Injury and trauma care
          • Injury and trauma care standard 2.4:
            Injury and trauma care
            • Key actions
            • Key indicators
            • Guidance notes
        • 2.5 Mental health
          • Mental health standard 2.5:
            Mental health care
            • Key actions
            • Key indicators
            • Guidance notes
        • 2.6 Non-communicable diseases
          • Non-communicable diseases standard 2.6:
            Care of non-communicable diseases
            • Key actions
            • Key indicators
            • Guidance notes
        • 2.7 Palliative care
          • Palliative care standard 2.7:
            Palliative care
            • Key actions
            • Key indicators
            • Guidance notes
      • Appendix 1
        Health assessment checklist
        • Preparation
        • Security and access
        • Demographics and social structure
        • Background health information
        • Mortality rates
        • Morbidity ratesc
        • Available resources
        • Data from other relevant sectors
      • Appendix 2
        Sample weekly surveillance reporting forms
        • 2.1 Mortality surveillance form (aggregate)*
        • 2.2 Mortality surveillance form (individual records) *
        • 2.3 Sample early warning alert and response (EWAR) early warning reporting form
          • A. WEEKLY AGGREGATE DATA
          • B. OUTBREAK ALERT
        • 2.4 Sample routine health management information system (HMIS) surveillance reporting form
      • Appendix 3
        Formulas for calculating key health indicators
        • Crude mortality rate (CMR)
        • Under-5 mortality rate (U5MR)
        • Incidence rate
        • Case fatality rate (CFR)
        • Health facility utilisation rate
        • Number of consultations per clinician per day
      • Appendix 4
        Poisoning
        • Initial management
        • Treatment protocols
          • Symptoms of exposure to toxic chemicals and possible treatment
      • References and further reading
      • Further reading
    • Annexes
      • Contents
      • Annex 1
        Legal Foundation to Sphere
        • 1. International instruments on human rights, protection and vulnerability
          • 1.1 Treaties and customary law on human rights, protection and vulnerability
            • 1.1.1 Universal human rights
            • 1.1.2 Genocide, torture and other criminal abuse of rights
          • 1.2 United Nations and other formally adopted intergovernmental principles and guidelines on human rights, protection and vulnerability
        • 2. International instruments on armed conflict, international humanitarian law and humanitarian assistance
          • 2.1 Treaties and customary law on armed conflict, international humanitarian law and humanitarian assistance
            • 2.1.1 Core IHL treaties
            • 2.1.2 Treaties on restricted weapons, landmines and cultural property
            • 2.1.3 Customary IHL
          • 2.2 UN and other formally adopted intergovernmental principles and guidelines on armed conflict, IHL and humanitarian assistance
        • 3. International instruments on refugees and internally displaced persons (IDPs)
          • 3.1 Treaties on refugees and IDPs
          • 3.2 UN and other formally adopted intergovernmental principles and guidelines on refugees and IDPs
        • 4. International instruments on disasters and humanitarian assistance
          • 4.1 Treaties on disasters and humanitarian assistance
          • 4.2 UN and other formally adopted intergovernmental principles and guidelines on disasters and humanitarian assistance
        • 5. Humanitarian policy frameworks, guidelines and principles on human rights, protection and vulnerability in emergency preparedness and response
          • 1. Sphere companion standards
          • 2. Other codes, guidance and manuals by theme
            • 2.1 General protection and quality standards in humanitarian response
            • 2.2 Gender equality and protection from gender-based violence (GBV)
            • 2.3 Children in emergencies
            • 2.4 Refugees and internally displaced persons (IDPs)
      • Annex 2
        The Code of Conduct for the International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement and Non-governmental Organisations (NGOs) in Disaster Relief
        • Purpose
        • Definitions
        • The Code of Conduct
          • Principles of Conduct for The International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement and NGOs in Disaster Response Programmes
          • The working environment
        • Annex I: Recommendations to the governments of disaster affected countries
        • Annex II: Recommendations to donor governments
        • Annex III: Recommendations to inter-governmental organisations
      • Annex 3
        Abbreviations and Acronyms
      • Index
  • Newsletter
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  • The Sphere Handbook
  • What is Sphere?
    • Contents
    • What is Sphere?
      • 1. The Handbook
        • Four foundation chapters and four technical chapters
        • The Minimum Standards promote a consistent approach
        • The structure of the standards
        • Working with the key indicators
        • Links with other standards
      • 2. Using the standards in context
      • The standards apply throughout the programme cycle
        • Assessment and analysis
        • Strategy development and programme design
        • Implementation
        • Monitoring, evaluation, accountability and learning
      • Understanding vulnerabilities and capacities
        • Data disaggregation
        • Children
        • Older people
        • Gender
        • Gender-based violence
        • Persons with disabilities
        • People living with and affected by HIV
        • LGBTQI people
        • Mental health and psychosocial support
      • Understanding the operational setting
        • Supporting national and local actors
        • Protracted crises
        • Urban settings
        • Communal settlements
        • Settings with domestic or international military forces
        • Environmental impact in humanitarian response
    • Appendix
      Delivering assistance through markets
      • Market analysis as part of response analysis
      • Programming and markets
      • Checklists
        • Checklist for cash-based assistance
          • Programme design
          • Implementation
          • Monitoring, evaluation and learning
        • Checklist for supply chain management and logistics
          • Programme design
          • Implementation
          • Monitoring, evaluation and learning
    • References and further reading
  • The Humanitarian Charter
    • The Humanitarian Charter
      • Our beliefs
      • Our role
      • Common principles, rights and duties
      • Our commitment
  • Protection Principles
    • Contents
    • Protection Principles
      • Putting the Principles into practice
        • Protection activities
      • Protection Principle 1:
        Enhance people’s safety, dignity and rights and avoid exposing them to further harm
        • This Principle includes:
        • Guidance notes
      • Protection Principle 2:
        Ensure people’s access to impartial assistance, according to need and without discrimination
        • This Principle includes:
        • Guidance notes
      • Protection Principle 3:
        Assist people to recover from the physical and psychological effects of threatened or actual violence, coercion or deliberate deprivation
        • This Principle includes:
        • Guidance notes
      • Protection Principle 4:
        Help people to claim their rights
        • This Principle includes:
        • Guidance notes
    • Appendix
      Summary of Professional Standards for Protection Work
    • References and further reading
    • Further reading
  • Core Humanitarian Standard
    • Contents
    • One core standard with nine commitments
      • A unique structure
      • Commitment 1
        • Performance indicators
        • Key actions
        • Organisational responsibilities
        • Guidance notes
      • Commitment 2
        • Performance indicators
        • Key actions
        • Organisational responsibilities
        • Guidance notes
      • Commitment 3
        • Performance indicators
        • Key actions
        • Organisational responsibilities
        • Guidance notes
      • Commitment 4
        • Performance indicators
        • Key actions
        • Organisational responsibilities
        • Guidance notes
      • Commitment 5
        • Performance indicators
        • Key actions
        • Organisational responsibilities
        • Guidance notes
      • Commitment 6
        • Performance indicators
        • Key actions
        • Organisational responsibilities
        • Guidance notes
      • Commitment 7
        • Performance indicators
        • Key actions
        • Organisational responsibilities
        • Guidance notes
      • Commitment 8
        • Performance indicators
        • Key actions
        • Organisational responsibilities
        • Guidance notes
      • Commitment 9
        • Performance indicators
        • Key actions
        • Organisational responsibilities
        • Guidance notes
    • Appendix
      Guiding questions for monitoring key actions and organisational responsibilities
      • Commitment 1   Communities and people affected by crisis receive assistance appropriate to their needs.
        • Guiding questions for monitoring key actions
        • Guiding questions for monitoring organisational responsibilities
      • Commitment 2   Communities and people affected by crisis have access to the humanitarian assistance they need at the right time.
        • Guiding questions for monitoring Key actions
        • Guiding questions for monitoring organisational responsibilities
      • Commitment 3   Communities and people affected by crisis are not negatively affected and are more prepared, resilient and less at-risk as a result of humanitarian action.
        • Guiding questions for monitoring key actions
        • Guiding questions for monitoring organisational responsibilities
      • Commitment 4   Communities and people affected by crisis know their rights and entitlements, have access to information and participate in decisions that affect them.
        • Guiding questions for monitoring key actions
        • Guiding questions for monitoring organisational responsibilities
      • Commitment 5   Communities and people affected by crisis have access to safe and responsive mechanisms to handle complaints.
        • Guiding questions for monitoring key actions
        • Guiding questions for monitoring organisational responsibilities
      • Commitment 6   Communities and people affected by crisis receive coordinated, complementary assistance.
        • Guiding questions for monitoring key actions
        • Guiding questions for monitoring organisational responsibilities
      • Commitment 7   Communities and people affected by crisis can expect delivery of improved assistance as organisations learn from experience and reflection.
        • Guiding questions for monitoring key actions
        • Guiding questions for monitoring organisational responsibilities
      • Commitment 8   Communities and people affected by crisis receive the assistance they require from competent and well-managed staff and volunteers.
        • Guiding questions for monitoring key actions
        • Guiding questions for monitoring organisational responsibilities
      • Commitment 9   Communities and people affected by crisis can expect that the organisations assisting them are managing resources effectively, efficiently and ethically.
        • Guiding questions for monitoring key actions
        • Guiding questions for monitoring organisational responsibilities
    • References and further reading
    • Further reading
  • Water Supply, Sanitation and Hygiene Promotion
    • Contents
    • Essential concepts in water supply, sanitation and hygiene promotion
      •                
        • Everyone has the right to water and sanitation
        • Community engagement is crucial
        • WASH requires particular considerations in urban areas
        • A combination of approaches is needed
        • These Minimum Standards should not be applied in isolation
        • International law specifically protects the right to water and sanitation
        • Links to the Protection Principles and the Core Humanitarian Standard
    • 1. Hygiene promotion
      • Hygiene promotion standard 1.1:
        Hygiene promotion
        • Key actions
        • Key indicators
        • Guidance notes
      • Hygiene promotion standard 1.2:
        Identification, access to and use of hygiene items
        • Key actions
        • Key indicators
        • Guidance notes
      • Hygiene promotion standard 1.3:
        Menstrual hygiene management and incontinence
        • Key actions
        • Key indicators
        • Guidance notes
    • 2. Water supply
      • Water supply standard 2.1:
        Access and water quantity
        • Key actions
        • Key indicators
        • Guidance notes
      • Water supply standard 2.2:
        Water quality
        • Key actions
        • Key indicators
        • Guidance notes
    • 3. Excreta management
      • Excreta management standard 3.1:
        Environment free from human excreta
        • Key actions
        • Key indicators
        • Guidance notes
      • Excreta management standard 3.2:
        Access to and use of toilets
        • Key actions
        • Key indicators
        • Guidance notes
      • Excreta management standard 3.3:
        Management and maintenance of excreta collection, transport, disposal and treatment
        • Key actions
        • Key indicator
        • Guidance notes
    • 4. Vector control
      • Vector control standard 4.1:
        Vector control at settlement level
        • Key actions
        • Key indicator
        • Guidance notes
      • Vector control standard 4.2:
        Household and personal actions to control vectors
        • Key actions
        • Key indicators
        • Guidance notes
    • 5. Solid waste management
      • Solid waste management standard 5.1:
        Environment free from solid waste
        • Key actions
        • Key indicator
        • Guidance notes
      • Solid waste management standard 5.2:
        Household and personal actions to safely manage solid waste
        • Key actions
        • Key indicators
        • Guidance note
      • Solid waste management standard 5.3:
        Solid waste management systems at community level
        • Key actions
        • Key indicators
        • Guidance notes
    • 6. WASH in disease outbreaks and healthcare settings
      •                
        • Community-based outbreak response
      • Standard 6:
        WASH in healthcare settings
        • Key actions
        • Key indicators
        • Guidance notes
    • Appendix 1
      Water supply, sanitation and hygiene promotion initial needs assessment checklist
    • Appendix 2
      The F diagram: faecal–oral transmission of diarrhoeal diseases
    • Appendix 3
      Minimum water quantities: survival figures and quantifying water needs
    • Appendix 4
      Minimum numbers of toilets: community, public places and institutions
    • Appendix 5
      Water- and sanitation-related diseases
      • 1. Environmental classification of water-related infections
      • 2. Environmental classification of excreta-related infections
    • Appendix 6
      Household water treatment and storage decision tree
    • References and further reading
    • Further reading
  • Food Security and Nutrition
    • Contents
    • Essential concepts in food security and nutrition
      •                
        • Everyone has the right to be free from hunger and to have adequate food
        • The causes of undernutrition are complex
        • Working in urban areas brings specific challenges
        • Some groups are particularly vulnerable to undernutrition
        • These Minimum Standards should not be applied in isolation
        • International law specifically protects the right to adequate food
        • Links to the Protection Principles and Core Humanitarian Standard
    • 1. Food security and nutrition assessments
      • Food security and nutrition assessments standard 1.1:
        Food security assessment
        • Key actions
        • Key indicators
        • Guidance notes
      • Food security and nutrition assessments standard 1.2:
        Nutrition assessment
        • Key actions
        • Key indicators
        • Guidance notes
    • 2. Management of malnutrition
      • Management of malnutrition standard 2.1:
        Moderate acute malnutrition
        • Key actions
        • Key indicators
        • Guidance notes
      • Management of malnutrition standard 2.2:
        Severe acute malnutrition
        • Key actions
        • Key indicators
        • Guidance notes
    • 3. Micronutrient deficiencies
      • Micronutrient deficiencies standard 3:
        Micronutrient deficiencies
        • Key actions
        • Key indicators
        • Guidance notes
    • 4. Infant and young child feeding
      • Infant and young child feeding standard 4.1:
        Policy guidance and coordination
        • Key actions
        • Key indicators
        • Guidance notes
      • Infant and young child feeding standard 4.2:
        Multi-sectoral support to infant and young child feeding in emergencies
        • Key actions
        • Key indicators
        • Guidance notes
    • 5. Food security
      • Food security standard 5:
        General food security
        • Key actions
        • Key indicators
        • Guidance notes
    • 6. Food assistance
      • Food assistance standard 6.1:
        General nutrition requirements
        • Key actions
        • Key indicators
        • Guidance notes
      • Food assistance standard 6.2:
        Food quality, appropriateness and acceptability
        • Key actions
        • Key indicators
        • Guidance notes
      • Food assistance standard 6.3:
        Targeting, distribution and delivery
        • Key actions
        • Key indicators
        • Guidance notes
      • Food assistance standard 6.4:
        Food use
        • Key actions
        • Key indicators
        • Guidance notes
    • 7. Livelihoods
      • Livelihoods standard 7.1:
        Primary production
        • Key actions
        • Key indicators
        • Guidance notes
      • Livelihoods standard 7.2:
        Income and employment
        • Key actions
        • Key indicators
        • Guidance notes
    • Appendix 1
      Food security and livelihoods assessment checklist
      • Food security of livelihood groups
      • Food security before the crisis (baseline)
      • Food security during crises
    • Appendix 2
      Seed security assessment checklist
      • Seed security before the crisis (baseline)
      • Seed security after a crisis
      • Assessing seed supply and demand: home stocks
      • Assessing seed supply and demand: local markets
      • Assessing seed supply and demand: formal sector
    • Appendix 3
      Nutrition assessment checklist
      • Pre-emergency situation
      • The current risk of undernutrition
    • Appendix 4
      Measuring acute malnutrition
      • Infants under six months
      • Children aged 6–59 months
      • Children aged 5–19 years
      • Adults (20–59 years)
      • Older people
      • Persons with disabilities
    • Appendix 5
      Measures of the public health significance of micronutrient deficiencies
    • Appendix 6
      Nutritional requirements
    • References and further reading
    • Further Reading
  • Shelter and Settlement
    • Contents
    • Essential concepts in shelter and settlement
      •                
        • Everyone has the right to adequate housing
        • Shelter and settlement responses aim to provide a safe living environment
        • Shelter and settlement responses in urban settings require specific expertise
        • Various post-crisis settlement scenarios need to be considered
        • These Minimum Standards should not be applied in isolation
        • International law specifically protects the right to adequate shelter
        • Links to the Protection Principles and Core Humanitarian Standard
    • 1. Planning
      • Shelter and settlement standard 1:
        Planning
        • Key actions
        • Key indicators
        • Guidance notes
    • 2. Location and settlement planning
      • Shelter and settlement standard 2:
        Location and settlement planning
        • Key actions
        • Key indicators
        • Guidance notes
    • 3. Living space
      • Shelter and settlement standard 3:
        Living space
        • Key actions
        • Key indicators
        • Guidance notes
    • 4. Household items
      • Shelter and settlement standard 4:
        Household items
        • Key actions
        • Key indicators
        • Guidance notes
    • 5. Technical assistance
      • Shelter and settlement standard 5:
        Technical assistance
        • Key actions
        • Key indicators
        • Guidance notes
    • 6. Security of tenure
      • Shelter and settlement standard 6:
        Security of tenure
        • Key actions
        • Key indicators
        • Guidance notes
    • 7. Environmental sustainability
      • Shelter and settlement standard 7:
        Environmental sustainability
        • Key actions
        • Key indicators
        • Guidance notes
    • Appendix 1
      Shelter and settlement assessment checklist
      • Assessment and coordination
      • Demographics
      • Risks
      • Resources and constraints
      • Materials, design and construction
      • Household and livelihood activities
      • Essential services and communal facilities
      • Host population and environmental impact
      • Household item needs
      • Clothing and bedding
      • Cooking and eating, stoves and fuel
      • Tools and equipment
    • Appendix 2
      Description of settlement scenarios
    • Appendix 3
      Additional characteristics of settlement scenarios
    • Appendix 4
      Assistance options
    • Appendix 5
      Implementation options
    • Appendix 6
      Potential assistance and implementation options connected to settlement scenarios
    • References and further reading
    • Further reading
  • Health
    • Contents
    • Essential concepts in health
      •                
        • Everyone has the right to timely and appropriate healthcare
        • The aim of healthcare in a crisis is to reduce excess morbidity and mortality
        • Support and develop existing health systems
        • Urban crises require a different approach to health responses
        • These Minimum Standards should not be applied in isolation
        • International law specifically protects the right to healthcare
        • Links to the Protection Principles and Core Humanitarian Standard
        • Special considerations to protect healthcare
    • 1. Health systems
      •                
        • Health systems standard 1.1:
          Health service delivery
          • Key actions
          • Key indicators
          • Guidance notes
        • Healthcare systems standard 1.2:
          Healthcare workforce
          • Key actions
          • Key indicators
          • Guidance notes
        • Health systems standard 1.3:
          Essential medicines and medical devices
          • Key actions
          • Key indicators
          • Guidance notes
        • Health systems standard 1.4:
          Health financing
          • Key actions
          • Key indicators
          • Guidance notes
        • Health systems standard 1.5:
          Health information
          • Key actions
          • Key indicators
          • Guidance notes
    • 2. Essential healthcare
      • 2.1 Communicable diseases
        • Communicable diseases standard 2.1.1:
          Prevention
          • Key actions
          • Key indicators
          • Guidance notes
        • Communicable diseases standard 2.1.2:
          Surveillance, outbreak detection and early response
          • Key actions
          • Key indicators
          • Guidance notes
        • Communicable diseases standard 2.1.3:
          Diagnosis and case management
          • Key actions
          • Key indicators
          • Guidance notes
        • Communicable diseases standard 2.1.4:
          Outbreak preparedness and response
          • Key actions
          • Key indicators
          • Guidance notes
      • 2.2 Essential healthcare – child health
        • Child health standard 2.2.1:
          Childhood vaccine-preventable diseases
          • Key actions
          • Key indicators
          • Guidance notes
        • Child health standard 2.2.2:
          Management of newborn and childhood illness
          • Key actions
          • Key indicators
          • Guidance notes
      • 2.3 Sexual and reproductive health
        • Sexual and reproductive health standard 2.3.1:
          Reproductive, maternal and newborn healthcare
          • Key actions
          • Key indicators
          • Guidance notes
        • Sexual and reproductive health standard 2.3.2:
          Sexual violence and clinical management of rape
          • Key actions
          • Key indicators
          • Guidance notes
        • Sexual and reproductive health standard 2.3.3:
          HIV
          • Key actions
          • Key indicators
          • Guidance notes
      • 2.4 Injury and trauma care
        • Injury and trauma care standard 2.4:
          Injury and trauma care
          • Key actions
          • Key indicators
          • Guidance notes
      • 2.5 Mental health
        • Mental health standard 2.5:
          Mental health care
          • Key actions
          • Key indicators
          • Guidance notes
      • 2.6 Non-communicable diseases
        • Non-communicable diseases standard 2.6:
          Care of non-communicable diseases
          • Key actions
          • Key indicators
          • Guidance notes
      • 2.7 Palliative care
        • Palliative care standard 2.7:
          Palliative care
          • Key actions
          • Key indicators
          • Guidance notes
    • Appendix 1
      Health assessment checklist
      • Preparation
      • Security and access
      • Demographics and social structure
      • Background health information
      • Mortality rates
      • Morbidity ratesc
      • Available resources
      • Data from other relevant sectors
    • Appendix 2
      Sample weekly surveillance reporting forms
      • 2.1 Mortality surveillance form (aggregate)*
      • 2.2 Mortality surveillance form (individual records) *
      • 2.3 Sample early warning alert and response (EWAR) early warning reporting form
        • A. WEEKLY AGGREGATE DATA
        • B. OUTBREAK ALERT
      • 2.4 Sample routine health management information system (HMIS) surveillance reporting form
    • Appendix 3
      Formulas for calculating key health indicators
      • Crude mortality rate (CMR)
      • Under-5 mortality rate (U5MR)
      • Incidence rate
      • Case fatality rate (CFR)
      • Health facility utilisation rate
      • Number of consultations per clinician per day
    • Appendix 4
      Poisoning
      • Initial management
      • Treatment protocols
        • Symptoms of exposure to toxic chemicals and possible treatment
    • References and further reading
    • Further reading
  • Annexes
    • Contents
    • Annex 1
      Legal Foundation to Sphere
      • 1. International instruments on human rights, protection and vulnerability
        • 1.1 Treaties and customary law on human rights, protection and vulnerability
          • 1.1.1 Universal human rights
          • 1.1.2 Genocide, torture and other criminal abuse of rights
        • 1.2 United Nations and other formally adopted intergovernmental principles and guidelines on human rights, protection and vulnerability
      • 2. International instruments on armed conflict, international humanitarian law and humanitarian assistance
        • 2.1 Treaties and customary law on armed conflict, international humanitarian law and humanitarian assistance
          • 2.1.1 Core IHL treaties
          • 2.1.2 Treaties on restricted weapons, landmines and cultural property
          • 2.1.3 Customary IHL
        • 2.2 UN and other formally adopted intergovernmental principles and guidelines on armed conflict, IHL and humanitarian assistance
      • 3. International instruments on refugees and internally displaced persons (IDPs)
        • 3.1 Treaties on refugees and IDPs
        • 3.2 UN and other formally adopted intergovernmental principles and guidelines on refugees and IDPs
      • 4. International instruments on disasters and humanitarian assistance
        • 4.1 Treaties on disasters and humanitarian assistance
        • 4.2 UN and other formally adopted intergovernmental principles and guidelines on disasters and humanitarian assistance
      • 5. Humanitarian policy frameworks, guidelines and principles on human rights, protection and vulnerability in emergency preparedness and response
        • 1. Sphere companion standards
        • 2. Other codes, guidance and manuals by theme
          • 2.1 General protection and quality standards in humanitarian response
          • 2.2 Gender equality and protection from gender-based violence (GBV)
          • 2.3 Children in emergencies
          • 2.4 Refugees and internally displaced persons (IDPs)
    • Annex 2
      The Code of Conduct for the International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement and Non-governmental Organisations (NGOs) in Disaster Relief
      • Purpose
      • Definitions
      • The Code of Conduct
        • Principles of Conduct for The International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement and NGOs in Disaster Response Programmes
        • The working environment
      • Annex I: Recommendations to the governments of disaster affected countries
      • Annex II: Recommendations to donor governments
      • Annex III: Recommendations to inter-governmental organisations
    • Annex 3
      Abbreviations and Acronyms
    • Index